steps’

nin 3 pages , need 10 resources for each next to sentences.xc2xa0 just from what i attached, xc2xa01-Implementation :Use the Eightfold Path and provide an analysis of the Flint, Michigan water pollution issue. You may use all previous articles as sources of information.this is the important key points:Implementation – Moorexe2x80x99s strategic triangle and its elementsIt is a great tool to be used by the public managers when thinking of coming up with new policies that matters to the public, failure to meet the three elements of the strategic triangle will make the success of the policy very difficult and maybe impossible.Example to apply the strategic triangle: SAFER AIR Act of 2010Sen. Robert Bennett proposed and wrote this Act that involves the Department of Homeland Security (HSD) to ensure advanced imaging devices installed at the airports and metro stations to scan passengers before they get to the airplane or the train and to inspect them for any possible chance to carry explosive weapons. So the main goal is the security and safety of the public. 1- xc2xa0The first element of the strategic triangle is the Public Value, looking to the reason and proposes of this act we will find it is really concerned about the public safety, but on the other hand people did not like such advanced technology that could provide very clear image for the human body naked. This is considered to be violation to the privacy right even though the goal behind is to save people lives. This led to a conflict between two public values. This Act died at the end and was sent back for committee. 2- xc2xa0The Authorizing Environment. SAFER AIR Act didnxe2x80x99t have a good political support and that is another reason for it to die at an early stage as the Congress sent it back for a committee with a list of comments saying No. 3- xc2xa0The Operational Capability or Sustainability, from what I have seen from this Act I think it is doable but it will cost a lot of money to come up advanced devices and technology that could do what it should do to scan the passengers and also at the same time ensure high level of privacy and ensure the images taken by these devices are not transferred or accessed by anyone other than the person operating the scanning device. 2- Research and Methods :We will examine the following and you will write up the answer as an Question #5 for this course:The Flint Water System was found to be toxic so the main water source reverted to the Detroit system, not the Flint River.xc2xa0 After the switch, the water needed to be retested.xc2xa0 Read the following and determine:What is the research question?What are the variables?What is the research design?What was the sampling process?How was the data collected?How was the data analyzed?Why or why not was this effective? What did the results show?Research and Methods Outline What is Research?xe2x97x8fxc2xa0xc2xa0xc2xa0xc2xa0xc2xa0 Evidence-based Argumentation: Make predictions based on evidence, as opposed to assumptionsxe2x97x8fxc2xa0xc2xa0xc2xa0xc2xa0xc2xa0 Induction: Learning from the world by observationsWhy?xe2x97x8fxc2xa0xc2xa0xc2xa0xc2xa0xc2xa0 Tools to conduct good research xe2x97x8fxc2xa0xc2xa0xc2xa0xc2xa0xc2xa0 Evaluatexe2x97x8fxc2xa0xc2xa0xc2xa0xc2xa0xc2xa0 Give opinionsScientific research is a strategy for generating reliable knowledge to address problemsxe2x97x8fxc2xa0xc2xa0xc2xa0xc2xa0xc2xa0 In our case, the problems faced by public managersxe2x97x8fxc2xa0xc2xa0xc2xa0xc2xa0xc2xa0 xe2x80x9cThe best decision made by public sector managers are based not on instinct, but on an informed understanding of whatxe2x80x99s happening on the groundxe2x80x9d (Eller, Gerber, Robinson, 2013)Toulmin Argument in Public Administrationxe2x97x8fxc2xa0xc2xa0xc2xa0xc2xa0xc2xa0 Claim: the statement you seek to evaluatexe2x97x8bxc2xa0xc2xa0xc2xa0xc2xa0xc2xa0 Specific, falsifiable, relevantxe2x97x8fxc2xa0xc2xa0xc2xa0xc2xa0xc2xa0 Reason/ evidence:xe2x97x8bxc2xa0xc2xa0xc2xa0xc2xa0xc2xa0 The reason why we do researchxe2x97x8fxc2xa0xc2xa0xc2xa0xc2xa0xc2xa0 Warrant: xe2x97x8bxc2xa0xc2xa0xc2xa0xc2xa0xc2xa0 How the evidence or reason is sufficient enough to provide confidence xc2xa0xc2xa0xc2xa0 in claimDescriptive Research: Who? What? When? How many?xe2x97x8fxc2xa0xc2xa0xc2xa0xc2xa0xc2xa0 Example: Is the water safe to drink in Flint, Michigan?xc2xa0 Explanatory Research: Why? How?xe2x97x8fxc2xa0xc2xa0xc2xa0xc2xa0xc2xa0 Example: Why does Flint river water have high levels of lead?Causation & Correlation:Correlation does not imply causationCausal inference: X causes Y Correlation: There is a patternUnderstand the initial tasks of research and evaluation3 stages of research:xe2x97x8fxc2xa0xc2xa0xc2xa0xc2xa0xc2xa0 Formulating Research Question and Hypothesisxe2x97x8fxc2xa0xc2xa0xc2xa0xc2xa0xc2xa0 Collecting Relevant Dataxe2x97x8fxc2xa0xc2xa0xc2xa0xc2xa0xc2xa0 Analyzing DataWriting a literature reviewPurpose:xc2xa0xc2xa0xc2xa0xc2xa0xc2xa0xc2xa0xc2xa0xc2xa0xc2xa0xc2xa0xc2xa0 Substantive introductionxc2xa0xc2xa0xc2xa0xc2xa0xc2xa0xc2xa0xc2xa0xc2xa0xc2xa0xc2xa0xc2xa0 Explanation of importancexc2xa0xc2xa0xc2xa0xc2xa0xc2xa0xc2xa0xc2xa0xc2xa0xc2xa0xc2xa0xc2xa0 Context-settingCreating an annotated bibliography: A comprehensive listing of major research articles, reports, books, and other similar sources of information about a specific topicUnderstand the techniques used in obtaining general background information: xe2x97x8fxc2xa0xc2xa0xc2xa0xc2xa0xc2xa0 Conducting preliminary interviews with key informants or subject matter expertsxe2x97x8fxc2xa0xc2xa0xc2xa0xc2xa0xc2xa0 Identify and understand basic concepts of types of data gathering techniquesConducting Background Interviews with Subject Matter Experts (SMEs):Persons with specialized knowledge, expertise, and experience within a particular policy domain or program areaThe Value of SME Interviews:Identify core policy issues and challenges Identify core research challengesAssess critical questions Data Gathering-xc2xa0xc2xa0xc2xa0xc2xa0xc2xa0xc2xa0xc2xa0xc2xa0xc2xa0xc2xa0xc2xa0 Field Researchxc2xa0xc2xa0xc2xa0xc2xa0xc2xa0xc2xa0xc2xa0xc2xa0xc2xa0xc2xa0xc2xa0 Surveysxc2xa0xc2xa0xc2xa0xc2xa0xc2xa0xc2xa0xc2xa0xc2xa0xc2xa0xc2xa0xc2xa0 Existing Data Setsxc2xa0xc2xa0 xc2xa0xc2xa0xc2xa0xc2xa0xc2xa0xc2xa0xc2xa0xc2xa0xc2xa0xc2xa0xc2xa0 Creating and Original Data SetResearch Designxe2x97x8fxc2xa0xc2xa0xc2xa0xc2xa0xc2xa0 Basic challengexe2x97x8bxc2xa0xc2xa0xc2xa0xc2xa0xc2xa0 Develop an understanding of exactly how to approach the data collection process when attempting to evaluate or assess some program or policyxe2x97x8fxc2xa0xc2xa0xc2xa0xc2xa0xc2xa0 Research designxe2x97x8bxc2xa0xc2xa0xc2xa0xc2xa0xc2xa0 Refers to the general process by which data gathering efforts are structured and defined; that is, what is to be studied and how, what variables are to be included in the study, how they are measured in relation to one another, and how those data are gatheredBasic Concepts for Research Designxe2x97x8fxc2xa0xc2xa0xc2xa0xc2xa0xc2xa0 Experiment: An activity where a researcher controls or manipulates the conditions under which some sort of subject is examined in order to observe and measure a specific cause-and-effect relationshipxe2x97x8fxc2xa0xc2xa0xc2xa0xc2xa0xc2xa0 Treatment: A variable or condition that the researcher introduces into the experiment in order to see whether it has an effect on the subjectsxe2x97x8fxc2xa0xc2xa0xc2xa0xc2xa0xc2xa0 Control group: Those subjects in the experiment that do not receive the treatmentEthics and Research Designxe2x97x8fxc2xa0xc2xa0xc2xa0xc2xa0xc2xa0 Issues of potential bias and conflicts of interest in the conduct of a research or evaluation study is of paramount concernxe2x97x8fxc2xa0xc2xa0xc2xa0xc2xa0xc2xa0 Issues of subject selection and subject inclusionEthics and the Research ProcessIt is critical to understand the importance of protecting the rights of other persons in any project that involves gathering any type of data a from other persons.xc2xa0xc2xa0xc2xa0xc2xa0xc2xa0xc2xa0xc2xa0xc2xa0xc2xa0xc2xa0xc2xa0 Example: Tuskegee Syphilis Study (withholding treatment from subjects)Protections:xe2x97x8fxc2xa0xc2xa0xc2xa0xc2xa0xc2xa0 Institutional Review Boards (IRB) for University Researchxe2x97x8fxc2xa0xc2xa0xc2xa0xc2xa0xc2xa0 Federal Guidelines for biomedical researchMeasurement:Understanding the Basics of Measurementxe2x97x8fxc2xa0xc2xa0xc2xa0xc2xa0xc2xa0 Operationalization- Translating a concept of interest into a form that can be measuredxe2x97x8fxc2xa0xc2xa0xc2xa0xc2xa0xc2xa0 Understanding what to study and what to measureVariablesQualitative vs. Quantitative Methodsxe2x97x8fxc2xa0xc2xa0xc2xa0xc2xa0xc2xa0 Qualitative- goal is to examine, understand, and describe a phenomenonxe2x97x8bxc2xa0xc2xa0xc2xa0xc2xa0xc2xa0 There are non-numerical differences between categories (usually designated by words or labels -i.e. Gender) Values consist of numbers, and differences between values can be expressed in numbersxe2x97x8fxc2xa0xc2xa0xc2xa0xc2xa0xc2xa0 Quantitative- goal is to analyze and represent the relationshipxc2xa0xc2xa0xc2xa0xc2xa0xc2xa0xc2xa0xc2xa0 mathematically through statistical analysisxe2x97x8bxc2xa0xc2xa0xc2xa0xc2xa0xc2xa0 Values consist of numbers, and differences between values can be expressed in numbersDependent vs. Independent variables xe2x97x8fxc2xa0xc2xa0xc2xa0xc2xa0xc2xa0 Dependent- what is being tested and observed xe2x97x8fxc2xa0xc2xa0xc2xa0xc2xa0xc2xa0 Independent- not change by other variables, stand-aloneLevels of Measurementxe2x97x8fxc2xa0xc2xa0xc2xa0xc2xa0xc2xa0 Nominal Variables: Names/ Labelsxe2x97x8bxc2xa0xc2xa0xc2xa0xc2xa0xc2xa0 Race/ethnicity, gender, colorsxe2x97x8fxc2xa0xc2xa0xc2xa0xc2xa0xc2xa0 Ordinal Variables: Orderxe2x97x8bxc2xa0xc2xa0xc2xa0xc2xa0xc2xa0 Agree / disagree scales, ranked orders, variables with discrete categoriesxc2xa0 xe2x97x8fxc2xa0xc2xa0xc2xa0xc2xa0xc2xa0 Interval Variables/ Ratio Variables (an absolute zero)xe2x97x8bxc2xa0xc2xa0xc2xa0xc2xa0xc2xa0 Temperature, age, income, any continuous variable Sampling Methodsxe2x97x8fxc2xa0xc2xa0xc2xa0xc2xa0xc2xa0 Random Sampling – every person in known population gets and even chance of being selectedxe2x97x8fxc2xa0xc2xa0xc2xa0xc2xa0xc2xa0 Systematic Sampling – every Nth unit or element from the sample frame list gets selectedxe2x97x8fxc2xa0xc2xa0xc2xa0xc2xa0xc2xa0 Stratified Sampling – actual representation of the population- researcher divides a heterogenous population into several strate and then takes a sample from each stratum, usually with the size of the sample for each strata being proportional to the size of the strata in the overall populationxe2x97x8fxc2xa0xc2xa0xc2xa0xc2xa0xc2xa0 Snowball Sampling – non-probability sampling where researcher relies on referral from initial subjects to identify other population membersAssessing Measurement Validity and Reliability Validity assessment approach xe2x97x8fxc2xa0xc2xa0xc2xa0xc2xa0xc2xa0 Face validity – when test seems to be effective in terms of stated aimxe2x97x8fxc2xa0xc2xa0xc2xa0xc2xa0xc2xa0 Content validity – how well a test measures the behavior for which it is intended. Reliability assessment approach xe2x97x8fxc2xa0xc2xa0xc2xa0xc2xa0xc2xa0 Test—retest – A measure of consistency for testIssues of Validity and Inference:Internal Validity:Understanding the nature of internal validity, and threats to it, are critical to drawing causal inferencesxe2x97x8bxc2xa0xc2xa0xc2xa0xc2xa0xc2xa0 Did you actually measure (accurately and validly) the concepts and variables you intended to? xe2x97x8bxc2xa0xc2xa0xc2xa0xc2xa0xc2xa0 Did you account for, or rule out, competing explanations? xe2x97x8fxc2xa0xc2xa0xc2xa0xc2xa0xc2xa0 Threats to internal Validityxe2x97x8bxc2xa0xc2xa0xc2xa0xc2xa0xc2xa0 Threat of historyxe2x97x8bxc2xa0xc2xa0xc2xa0xc2xa0xc2xa0 Threat of maturationxe2x97x8bxc2xa0xc2xa0xc2xa0xc2xa0xc2xa0 Threat of testingxe2x97x8bxc2xa0xc2xa0xc2xa0xc2xa0xc2xa0 Threat of instrumentationxe2x97x8bxc2xa0xc2xa0xc2xa0xc2xa0xc2xa0 Threat of regression to the meanxe2x97x8bxc2xa0xc2xa0xc2xa0xc2xa0xc2xa0 Threat of selection biasxe2x97x8bxc2xa0xc2xa0xc2xa0xc2xa0xc2xa0 Threat of mortalityExternal validity: Can the results be generalized to other settings beyond the specific sample gathered for the purposes of conducting a given study?xe2x97x8fxc2xa0xc2xa0xc2xa0xc2xa0xc2xa0 Threats to external validity: xe2x97x8bxc2xa0xc2xa0xc2xa0xc2xa0xc2xa0 Involve interaction of the nature of the study (and its treatment) with specific aspects of conducting an experiment (i.e., an interaction between treatment and testing)Type of Experiment True Experimentxe2x97x8fxc2xa0xc2xa0xc2xa0xc2xa0xc2xa0 Subjects are randomly assigned to treatment conditionsxe2x97x8fxc2xa0xc2xa0xc2xa0xc2xa0xc2xa0 All phenomenon is completely controlledxe2x97x8fxc2xa0xc2xa0xc2xa0xc2xa0xc2xa0 Excellent for showing cause and effect relationshipsxe2x97x8fxc2xa0xc2xa0xc2xa0xc2xa0xc2xa0 High on internal validityQuasi-Experiment xe2x97x8fxc2xa0xc2xa0xc2xa0xc2xa0xc2xa0 Natural experimentsxe2x97x8fxc2xa0xc2xa0xc2xa0xc2xa0xc2xa0 Subjects are already in the treatment level, experimenter has no controlSimilaritiesxe2x97x8fxc2xa0xc2xa0xc2xa0xc2xa0xc2xa0 Study participants are subjected to some type of treatment or conditionxe2x97x8fxc2xa0xc2xa0xc2xa0xc2xa0xc2xa0 Some outcome of interest is measuredxe2x97x8fxc2xa0xc2xa0xc2xa0xc2xa0xc2xa0 The researcher test whether differences in this outcome are related to the treatmentResearch Methods – xc2xa0Quantitative: measured in numbersQualitative: measured as a category or nonnumeric unit. – xc2xa0Reliability: arriving at the same results xe2x80x93 or at least very similar results xe2x80x93 every time I re-conduct the studyValidity: likely to happen and have not just appeared by chance – xc2xa0Likert scale measure: survey question that seek answers on a point scale – xc2xa0Dependent variable: depends on the influence of the independent variable Independent variable: responsible for causing the changes in the outcome Control variable: variables that are not under study but might affect the dependent variable – xc2xa0Classis Research Design has pretest and posttest control groups, simple, straight forward, groups are randomly selected. – xc2xa0Sampling designs: 1 Simple Random Sampling xe2x80x93 randomly chosen and each member has exactly an equal probability of being selected for the sample. 2 Cluster Sampling xe2x80x93 the population is divided into groups, then a random sample of the clusters in selected. – xc2xa0Inductive Approach: no hypothesis – xc2xa0Deductive Approach: hypothesis needs to be proves Fivethirtyeight.com What went wrong in Flint?http://fivethirtyeight.com/features/what-went-wrong-in-flint-water-crisis-michigan/Elevated Blood Lead Levels in Children Associated with the Flint Drinking Water Crisishttp://ajph.aphapublications.org/doi/pdf/10.2105/AJPH.2015.303003We helped uncover a public health crisis in Flint, but learned there are costs to doing good sciencehttp://theconversation.com/we-helped-uncover-a-public-health-crisis-in-flint-but-learned-there-are-costs-to-doing-good-science-54227Moving Forward After Flinthttp://www.americanscientist.org/issues/pub/2016/3/moving-forward-after-flintInformal and Formal Rulemakinghttp://www.wise-intern.org/orientation/documents/crsrulemakingcb.pdfFlint + Bureaucracyhttps://psmag.com/the-bureaucratic-malfeasance-that-created-flint-and-sebring-s-water-crises-3cc6823f3b12#.gkk4lwwruAtlantic articlehttp://www.theatlantic.com/national/archive/2016/04/flint-water-lead-criminal-charges/479127/NPR — Bureaucrcyhttp://michiganradio.org/post/snyder-charges-show-bureaucrats-blame-flint-water-crisis#stream/0Outrage over Flinthttp://web.a.ebscohost.com.ezproxy.callutheran.edu/ehost/pdfviewer/pdfviewer?sid=af3544a2-457a-4ca7-90f9-5efe48d30d66%40sessionmgr4001&vid=86&hid=4114Safe Drinking Water Acthttps://www.epa.gov/sites/production/files/2015-04/documents/epa816f04030.pdfEPA and Water Safelyhttps://www.epa.gov/lead/enforcing-lead-laws-and-regulationsAdministrative LawOrigins of the EPAhttps://archive.epa.gov/epa/aboutepa/epas-origins-duties-transferred-epa-other-federal-agencies.htmlEnabling Act of the EPAhttps://archive.epa.gov/epa/aboutepa/epa-order-11102-initial-organization-epa.htmlCreating Public Valuehttps://www.hks.harvard.edu/m-rcbg/CSRI/publications/workingpaper_3_moore_khagram.pdfCongressional Record Safe Drinking Water Acthttps://www.fas.org/sgp/crs/misc/RL31243.pdfLobby assessment of Safe Drinking Water Acthttp://lobby.la.psu.edu/015_Disinfectant_Byproducts/Congressional_Statements/House/H_Waxman_Safe_Drinking_Water.htmWashington Post – Anti-Flinthttps://www.washingtonpost.com/national/health-science/one-citys-solution-to-drinking-water-contamination-get-rid-of-every-lead-pipe/2016/05/10/480cd842-0814-11e6-bdcb-0133da18418d_story.htmlResearch about Flint from Virginia Techhttp://flintwaterstudy.orgPlumbing Researchhttp://journals.plos.org/plosone/article/authors?id=10.Flint Water Researchhttp://flintwaterstudy.org/page/3/State allows lawsuit to standhttp://www.detroitnews.com/story/news/michigan/flint-water-crisis/2016/10/27/flint-water-crisis/92839776/Flint Residents Must Begin Paying for Waterhttps://www.washingtonpost.com/news/energy-environment/wp/2017/02/28/flint-residents-must-start-paying-for-water-they-still-cant-drink-without-a-filter/?utm_term=.795d522b3 ‘