b’Coffee Consumption and Cardio-Vascular Diseasesxc2xa0 xc2xa0 There has always been a controversy about coffee consumption. While many say it causes various cardiovascular problems others say that coffee is ac’

b’nCoffee Consumption and Cardio-Vascular Diseasesxc2xa0 xc2xa0 There has always been a controversy about coffee consumption. While many say it causes various cardiovascular problems others say that coffee is actually beneficial for the health.xc2xa0 xc2xa0 Lang et al. (1983) showed that there was blood pressure (BP) increasexc2xa0fromxc2xa0125.6/79.8 +/- 15.0/10.5 mm Hgxc2xa0inxc2xa0non-coffee consumption category to 128.1/80.6xc2xa0+/- 15.6/10.2 mm Hg in the highest consumption category (greater than or equal to 5 cups/day). They concluded that coffee was a significant contributor to the variation in BP levels. Riksen, Rongen and Smits (2008) in their work xe2x80x9cAcute and long-term cardiovascular effects of coffee: Implications for coronary heart diseasexe2x80x9d indicated that xe2x80x9cboth experimental studies and epidemiological studies favor a deleterious role of coffee consumption as a trigger for coronary events, rather than in promoting the development of atherosclerosisxe2x80x9d (p.189).xc2xa0 xc2xa0 Revuelta-Iniesta and Al-Dujaili (2008) studied biochemical aspects of green and black coffee andxc2xa0proposed that coffee intake, especially green coffee, might play a role in the reduction of cardiovascular risk factors and perhaps cardio-vascular diseases (CVD) in the long term. In the same 2008 year Geleijnse conducted a metanalysis of multiple studies and came to conclusion that regular coffee intake does not increase the risk of hypertension.xc2xa0xc2xa0 xc2xa0 Some may argue that even though coffee consumption is considered safe for healthy individuals, it still may be harmful if consumed by people who already suffer from CVD. But recent work by Chrysant (2017) demonstrated that coffee consumption has either neutral or beneficial effects on BP, CVD, heart failure, cardiac arrhythmias, and diabetes mellitus (DM).xc2xa0xc2xa0 xc2xa0 xc2xa0Changes in approach to one of the most popular beverages explained by different types of coffee that was studied. If years ago people drunk mainly boiled coffee, nowadays we prefer filtered coffee. According to Oxe2x80x99Keefe et al. (2013) filtered coffee contains less amounts of cafestol and kahweol, substances which increase serum cholesterol. This supports previously mentioned conclusion of Riksen et al. (2008), that coffee consumption does not promote the development of atherosclerosis. In fact, to Oxe2x80x99Keefe et al. (2013) indicated in the same work that coffee intake is beneficial in reduction of DM type two and may reduce the risk of stroke. Also, regular coffee intake does not cause increase in BP, although in non-habitual drinkers temporary BP increase is noticed.xc2xa0 xc2xa0 In conclusion, contrary to older studies coffee consumption considered not harmful and even beneficial, in some cases, nowadays. One of the explanations for this is the way coffee brewed. It may be concluded that filtered coffee is healthier than boiled coffee. Accidental consumption of this beverage by people who already suffer from chronic CVD is not recommended, whereas habitual drinkers can consume coffee regardless of their CVD status.xc2xa0References:Chrysant, S. G. (2017). The impact of coffee consumption on blood pressure, cardiovascular disease and diabetes mellitus.xc2xa0Expert Review of Cardiovascular Therapy,xc2xa015(3), 151xe2x80x93156. https://doi.org/10.1080/14779072.2017.1287563Geleijnse, J. M. (2008). Habitual coffee consumption and blood pressure: an epidemiological perspective.xc2xa0Vascular Health Risk Manag,xc2xa04, 963xe2x80x93970. https://doi.org/10.2147/VHRM.S3055xc2xa0Lang T., Degoulet P., Aime F., Fouriaud C., Jacquinet-Salord M.C., Laprugne J., Main J., Oeconomos J., Phalente J., Prades A. (1983). Relation between coffee drinking and blood pressure: Analysis of 6,321 subjects in the Paris region. The American Journal of Cardiology, 52(12), 1238-1242Oxe2x80x99Keefe, J. H., Bhatti, S. K., Patil, H. R., DiNicolantonio, J. J., Lucan, S. C., & Lavie, C. J. (2013). Effects of Habitual Coffee Consumption on Cardiometabolic Disease, Cardiovascular Health, and All-Cause Mortality.xc2xa0Journal of the American College of Cardiology (JACC),xc2xa062(12), 1043xe2x80x931051. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jacc.2013.06.035Revuelta-Iniesta R.andxc2xa0Al-Dujaili E.A.S. (2014).xc2xa0 Consumption of Green Coffee Reduces Blood Pressure and Body Composition by Influencing 11b-HSD1 Enzyme Activity in Healthy Individuals: A Pilot Crossover Study Using Green and Black Coffee.xc2xa0xefxbbxbfBioMed Research International, 2014, 1-9.xc2xa0Riksen, N. P., Rongen, G. A., & Smits, P. (2009). Acute and long-term cardiovascular effects of coffee: Implications for coronary heart disease.xc2xa0Pharmacology and Therapeutics,xc2xa0121(2), 185xe2x80x93191. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pharmthera.2008.10.006 ‘