HSA 535 Mid Term Part 2 (All are correct)

Question 1Which of the following is not usually an aim of epidemiology?AnswerTo describe the health status of the populationTo fund new public health programsTo explain the etiology of diseaseTo predict the occurrence of diseaseTo control the distribution of diseaseQuestion 2Which of the following activities characterizes a clinical approach (as opposed to an epidemiologic approach)?AnswerDescription of specific signs and symptoms in a patientDescription of seasonal trends in disease occurrenceExamination of disease occurrence among population groupsDemonstration of geographic variations in disease frequencyQuestion 3Which of the following activities characterizes an epidemiologic approach (as opposed to a clinical approach)?AnswerDescription of a single individual’s symptomsSurveillance of a populationTreatment of a patient with diagnosed illnessA and CQuestion 4The Epidemic Intelligence Service (EIS) is responsible for (give the best answer):Answertracking down unusual disease outbreaks in the United States and foreign countries.collecting routine epidemiologic data for local health departments.printing epidemiologic reports for members of the community.reporting suspicious bioterrorism agents to governmental agencies.Question 5Cyclic variations in the occurrence of pneumonia and influenza mortality may reflect:Answerseasonal variations in cases of influenza.the fact that influenza is a disappearing disorder.long-term changes in mortality trends.both A and BQuestion 6John Snow, author of Snow on Cholera:Answerwas the father of modern biostatistics.established postulates for transmission of infectious disease.was an early epidemiologist who used natural experiments.argued that the environment was associated with diseases such as malaria.Question 7In the Yearly Mortality Bill for 1632, consumption referred to:AnswerdysenterytuberculosissmallpoxedemaQuestion 8Indicate the level of prevention that is represented by nutritional counseling for pregnant women AnswerPrimary Prevention ActivePrimary Prevention PassiveSecondary PreventionTertiary PreventionQuestion 9In 1900, the death rate per 100,000 members of the population for influenza and pneumonia (I & P) was 202.2; it was 22.4 in 2003. How much did the death rate due to I & P decline?Answer100%1000%90%9000%Question 10Indicate the level of prevention that is represented by screening for breast cancerAnswerPrimary Prevention ActivePrimary Prevention PassiveSecondary PreventionTertiary PreventionQuestion 11Using epidemiology for operational research involves:Answerstudy of community health servicesstudy of risks to the individualstudy of disease syndromesstudy of disease symptomsQuestion 12The difference between primary and secondary prevention of disease is:Answerprimary prevention means control of causal factors, while secondary prevention means control of symptoms.primary prevention means control of acute disease, while secondary prevention means control of chronic disease.primary prevention means control of causal factors, while secondary prevention means early detection and treatment of disease.primary prevention means increasing resistance to disease, while secondary prevention means decreasing exposure to disease.Question 13Indicate the level of prevention that is represented by half-way houses for persons recovering from addictionAnswerPrimary Prevention ActivePrimary Prevention PassiveSecondary PreventionTertiary PreventionQuestion 14Indicate the level of prevention that is represented by pasteurization of milkAnswerPrimary Prevention ActivePrimary Prevention PassiveSecondary PreventionTertiary PreventionQuestion 15An epidemiologic survey of roller-skating injuries in Metroville, a city with a population of 100,000 (during the midpoint of the year), produced the following data for a particular year:Number of skaters in Metroville during any given month 12,000 Roller-skating injuries in Metroville 600 Total number of residents injured from roller-skating 1,800 Total number of deaths from roller-skating 90 Total number of deaths from all causes 900The cause-specific mortality rate from roller-skating was:Answer90/600 × 100,00090/100,000 × 100,00090/1,800 × 100,00090/900 × 100,000Question 16Blood pressure measurements on adult males 30-39 years of age were obtained in a survey of a representative sample of Twin Cities households. To compare the frequency of hypertension in the white and non-white population surveyed, the most appropriate measure is the: Answerincidence rateprevalencerace-specific incidence raterace-specific prevalencerace-specific age-adjusted prevalence Question 17Determining workload and planning the scope of facilities and manpower needs, particularly for chronic disease. Is this a use for incidence or prevalence data? AnswerThis is a use primarily for incidence data.This is a use primarily for prevalence data.This application could apply equally for both incidence and prevalence data.This is a use for neither incidence data nor prevalence data.Question 18Estimating the frequency of exposure. Is this a use for incidence or prevalence data?AnswerThis is a use primarily for incidence data.This is a use primarily for prevalence data.This application could apply equally for both incidence and prevalence data.This is a use for neither incidence data nor prevalence data.Question 19The risk of acquiring a given disease during a time period is best determined by: Answerthe mortality rate from that disease in the 0-4 age group.a spot map that records all cases of the disease in the past year.the period prevalence for that disease during the past year.the incidence rate (cumulative incidence) for that disease in a given period of time.Question 20To express the burden or extent of some condition or attribute in a population. Is this a use for incidence or prevalence data?AnswerThis is a use primarily for incidence data.This is a use primarily for prevalence data.This application could apply equally for both incidence and prevalence data.This is a use for neither incidence data nor prevalence data.Question 21The fundamental tool for etiologic studies of both acute and chronic diseases. Is this a use for incidence or prevalence data?AnswerThis is a use primarily for incidence data.This is a use primarily for prevalence data.This application could apply equally for both incidence and prevalence data.This is a use for neither incidence data nor prevalence data.Question 22Beach City has a rising population of 500,000 robust, fertile males and 450,000 robust, fertile females. If there were 4,000 live births, 3 fetal deaths, and 40 maternal deaths, what is the crude birth rate?Answer4,000/500,000 × 1,0004,000/450,000 × 1,0004,000/950,000 × 1,0004,003/950,000 × 1,0003,997/950,000 × 1,000Question 23Age-specific and age-adjusted mortality rates by sex in the United States generally show the following sex differences:AnswerRates for males are higher than rates for females from birth to age 85 and older.Rates for females are higher than rates for males from birth to age 85 and older.Rates for males are higher than rates for females from age 6 to age 85 and older.Rates for males are equal to rates for females during the first 5 years of life.Question 24A null hypothesis is most similar to which of the following?AnswerPositive declarationNegative declarationImplicit questionExplicit questionQuestion 25Reasons for gender differences in mortality may include:Answergreater risk taking by womengreater frequency of smoking among menhigher prevalence of coronary-prone behavior among womenless frequency of smoking among menQuestion 26Lung cancer mortality among women is increasing faster than among men. What factor(s) would most likely account for this increased cancer rate?AnswerYounger women are smoking more.Older women are smoking more.Women are smoking less.Men are smoking more Question 27Descriptive epidemiology has the following characteristics (Choose the incorrect option): Answerprovides the basis for planning and evaluation of health services.allows causal inference from descriptive data.allows comparisons by age, sex, and race.uses case reports, case series, and cross-sectional studies.identifies problems to be studied by analytic methods.Question 28Studies of nativity and migration have reported that:Answeradmission rates of foreign-born persons to mental hospitals were lower than for native-born personsdiseases found in less developed regions are no longer a problem in the United Statesimmunization programs in developing countries have been highly successfulsome migrants have inadequate immunization status with respect to vaccine-preventable diseasesQuestion 29Which of the following statements most accurately expresses the downward-drift hypothesis for schizophrenia?AnswerThe conditions of life in lower-class society favor its development.The conditions of life in upper-class society favor its development.The illness leads to the clustering of psychosis in the impoverished areas of a city.The illness is associated with increases in creative talents, which contribute to wealth-enhancing achievements.Question 30Which of Mill’s four canons suggests that there is an association between frequency of disease and the potency of a causative factor?AnswerDifferenceAgreementConcomitant variationResidues